Ikhonkrithi : Iipropati, iiRaties ezongezelelweyo kunye noLawulo loMgangatho

Ikhonkrithi sisixhobo sokwakha esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi esaziwa ngokomelela, ukuqina, kunye nokuguquguquka. Nazi iipropathi eziphambili zekhonkrithi, izongezo eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukomeleza ezi zakhiwo, umlinganiselo wokongeza ocetyiswayo, kunye nemilinganiselo yokulawula umgangatho:

Iimpawu zeConcrete:

1. Amandla oxinzelelo: Ukukwazi kwekhonkrithi ukuxhathisa imithwalo ye-axial, ilinganiswa ngeepounds nge-intshi yesikwere (psi) okanye i-megapascals (MPa).
2. Amandla Okuqina: Ukukwazi kwekhonkrithi ukuxhathisa amandla oxinzelelo, ophantsi kakhulu kunamandla oxinzelelo.
3. Ukuqina: Ukuxhathisa kwekhonkrithi kwimeko yemozulu, uhlaselo lwekhemikhali, ukuqhawuka, kunye nezinye iindlela zokuwohloka ngokuhamba kwexesha.
4. Ukusebenziseka: Ukulula apho ikhonkrithi inokuxutywa, ibekwe, idityaniswe, kwaye igqitywe ukufezekisa imilo efunekayo kunye nokugqiba.
5. Ubuninzi: Ubunzima kwiyunithi nganye umthamo wekhonkrithi, obuchaphazela ubunzima bayo kunye nezakhiwo zesakhiwo.
6. I-Shrinkage kunye neCreep: Utshintsho kwivolumu kunye nokuguqulwa kwexesha ngenxa yokomisa, ukuguquguquka kweqondo lokushisa, kunye nemithwalo eqhubekayo.
7. Ukunyanzeliswa: Ukukwazi kwekhonkrithi ukuxhathisa ukuhamba kwamanzi, iigesi, kunye nezinye izinto ngokusebenzisa iipores kunye neecapillaries.

Izongezo eziqhelekileyo kunye nemisebenzi yazo:

1. Ii-Agents zokunciphisa amanzi (i-Superplasticizers): Ukuphucula ukusebenza kunye nokunciphisa umxholo wamanzi ngaphandle kokuncama amandla.
2. Ii-Arhente zokungenisa umoya: Yazisa amaqamza omoya amancinci ukuze kuphuculwe ukuxhathisa ukunyibilika komkhenkce kunye nokusebenza.
3. Retarders: Ukulibazisa ukuseta ixesha ukuvumela uhambo olude, ukubekwa, kunye namaxesha okugqiba.
4. I-Accelerators: Likhawulezisa ixesha lokuseta, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandayo zemozulu.
5. I-Pozzolans (umzekelo, i-Fly Ash, i-Silica Fume): Ukuphucula amandla, ukuqina, kunye nokunciphisa ukugqithiswa ngokuphendula nge-calcium hydroxide ukwenza iikhompawundi ezongezelelweyo ze-cementitious.
6. IiFibers (umzekelo, intsimbi, iSynthetic): Yongeza ukuxhathisa kokuqhekeka, ukuxhathisa impembelelo, kunye nokomelela.
7. I-Corrosion Inhibitors: Khusela imivalo yokuqinisa kwi-corrosion ebangelwa yi-chloride ion okanye i-carbonation.

Ireyishini eCetyisiweyo eyoNgezelelweyo:

• Ulungelelwaniso oluthile lwezongezo luxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana neempawu zekonkrithi ezifunwayo, iimeko zokusingqongileyo, kunye neemfuno zeprojekthi.
• Ulungelelwaniso lubonakaliswa njengepesenti yobunzima besamente okanye ubunzima bomxube wekhonkrithi.
• Iidosi kufuneka zimiselwe ngokusekwe kuvavanyo lwaselabhoratri, imixube yolingo, kunye neendlela zokusebenza.

Imilinganiselo yoLawulo loMgangatho:

1. Uvavanyo lweMathiriyeli: Yenza uvavanyo kwimathiriyeli ekrwada (umzekelo, ii-aggregates, isamente, izongezo) ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho efanelekileyo kunye neenkcukacha.
2. Ukudibanisa kunye nokuxuba: Sebenzisa izixhobo ezichanekileyo zokulinganisa kunye nokulinganisa kwi-batch materials, kwaye ulandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuxuba ukufezekisa ukufana kunye nokuhambelana.
3. UkuSebenza kunye noVavanyo lokuQiniseka: Yenza iimvavanyo ze-slump, iimvavanyo zokuhamba, okanye iimvavanyo ze-rheological ukuvavanya ukusebenza kunye nokulungelelanisa umlinganiselo wokuxuba njengoko kufuneka.
4. Ukunyanga: Sebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokunyanga (umzekelo, ukunyanga okufumileyo, ukunyanga iikhompawundi, ukunyanga inwebu) ukuthintela ukomiswa kwangaphambi kwexesha kunye nokukhuthaza ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi.
5. Uvavanyo lwamandla: Ukubeka iliso kuphuhliso lwamandla ekhonkrithi ngeendlela ezisemgangathweni zovavanyo (umzekelo, iimvavanyo zamandla acinezelayo) kwiminyaka eyahlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kweemfuno zoyilo.
6. IiNkqubo zoQinisekiso loMgangatho / uLawulo loMgangatho (QA/QC): Ukuseka iinkqubo ze-QA/QC ezibandakanya ukuhlolwa rhoqo, ukubhalwa kwamaxwebhu, kunye namanyathelo okulungisa ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana nokuthotyelwa kwemigaqo.

Ngokuqonda iipropathi zekhonkrithi, ukukhetha izongezo ezifanelekileyo, ukulawula imilinganiselo eyongezelelweyo, kunye nokuphumeza amanyathelo okulawula umgangatho, abakhi banokuvelisa umgangatho ophezulu wekhonkrithi ohlangabezana neemfuno zokusebenza kunye nokwandisa ukuqina kunye nobude bezakhiwo.