1. Imfuneko yokugcinwa kwamanzi
Zonke iintlobo zeziseko ezifuna ukufakwa kulwakhiwo zinenqanaba elithile lokungena kwamanzi. Emva kokuba isiseko samanqanaba esiseko sithabatha amanzi kwindawo odaka, ukwakha kodaka kuya kuthi macala onke, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, kubangela ukuba udaka luqhekezelwe kwaye luwe. Ukuba udaka lokuqhekeza lunendlela efanelekileyo yokugcina amanzi, ayinakuphucula ngempumelelo ukusebenza koludaka kodaka, kodwa yenza amanzi kwindawo yokudakasa, kodwa yenza amanzi e-dissern, kunzima ukuba athathelwe ingqalelo ngumaleko wesamente.
2. Iingxaki ngeendlela zokugcina amanzi emveli
Isisombululo semveli kukuyinkcenkceshela isiseko, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuba isiseko sishukunyisiwe. Ukujongwa kwe-hydication ye-chesticaration yokuthoba kwesamente kwisiseko kukuba imveliso ye-quation imveliso ifumana amanzi kunye nesiseko, ingena kwisiseko esiphambili "sokufezekisa amandla afunekayo. Ukunkcenkceshela ngokuthe ngqo kumphezulu wesiseko kuya kubangela ukusasazeka okunzulu kwindawo yokufakelwa kwamanzi kweso siseko ngenxa yomehluko kubushushu, ixesha lokunkcenkceshela, kunye nokunkcenkceshela kwexesha. Isiseko sinokufudukela amanzi esingaphantsi kwaye siya kuqhubeka nokufumana amanzi kudaka. Phambi kokuba i-hydration yesamente iqhubeka, amanzi athatyathwa, echaphazela i-qumed hydration kunye nokungena kweemveliso ze-hydime kwi-matrix; Isiseko sinomtsalane omkhulu wamanzi, kunye namanzi kwingena esinqeni esiya kwisiseko. Isantya sokufuduka esiphakathi siyacotha, kwaye nkqu nomaleko otyebileyo wenziwe phakathi kodaka kunye neMatrix, echaphazela amandla. Ke ngoko, ukusebenzisa indlela yokunkcenkceshela esebenzayo ayiyi kusilela nje ukusombulula ingxaki yokufakwa kwamanzi aphezulu, kodwa kuya kuchaphazela amandla aphezulu phakathi kodaka kunye nesiseko.
I-3. Iimfuno zomhlaba owahlukileyo wokugcinwa kwamanzi
Ixabiso lokugcina amanzi lokugcina iithagethi lokubeka iimveliso zodaka ezisetyenziswa kwindawo ethile nakwiindawo ezinamaqondo obushushu afanayo kunye nemeko yokufuma acetywe apha ngezantsi.
I-①high ye-①hight ye-faketing faces
Amabala aphezulu okufunxa yamanzi amelwe kwikhonkrithi engenelo yomoya, kubandakanya iiBhodi ezahlukeneyo zeSahlulo, iibhloko, njl. Ukufakelwa kwendawo esetyenziselwa olu hlobo lomaleko kufuneka ube neqondo lokugcina amanzi elingaphantsi kwe-88%.
②low amanzi e-adting fastrate faphu
Amabala amancinci okufumana amanzi aqingqiweyo ebiwe kwikhonkrithi yekhonkrithi, kubandakanywa iibhodi ze-polystyrene yokufakelwa kodonga lwangaphandle, njl njl. Ukucheba i-Plastang esetyenziselwe ukuba izinto ezinjalo kufuneka zibe nenqanaba lokugcina amanzi elingaphantsi kwe-88%.
I-③thin ye-③thin ibeka udaka
Ukubekwa kwendawo yokulala kubhekisa kulwakhiwo lokuqhekeza ngokubethelwa kwentambo phakathi kwe-3 ne-8 mm. Olu hlobo lokwakha i-plating kulula ukuphulukana nokufuma ngenxa yokubetheka kobuncinci bokulala, okuchaphazela ukusebenza namandla. Ngoludaka olusetyenziselwe olu hlobo lokuhlambela, izinga lokugcina amanzi alikho ngaphantsi kwe-99%.
I-žthick faker ifake i-fake
Ukubethwa kwe-faketer fatha kubhekisa kulwakhiwo lokuqulunqwa apho ubukhulu becala elinye lokubetheka phakathi kwe-8mm kunye ne-20mm. Olu hlobo lokwakha i-plastal alukho lula ukuphulukana namanzi ngenxa yengqokelela yedrafti, ngoko ke izinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi lodaka lokubengwa kwe-Placeting akufuneki lingabi ngaphantsi kwe-88%.
I-⑤water-i-itoty enganyangekiyo
I-POTTY enganyangekiyo yamanzi isetyenziswa njengempahla yokubekwa kwe-ultra encinci, kwaye ubukhulu bolwakhiwo ngokubanzi buphakathi kwe-1 ne-2mm. Ezo zinto zifuna iipropathi eziphezulu zokugcina amanzi kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kunye namandla abo. Ngezixhobo ze-putty, inqanaba lokugcina amanzi akufuneki lingabi ngaphantsi kwe-99%, kunye nenqanaba lokugcina amanzi lokugcina iindonga ezingaphandle kufuneka libe likhulu kune-ifakelo leendonga zangaphakathi.
4. Iindidi zezixhobo zokugcina amanzi
I-Selersese Ether
I-1) I-METHYL Selete Ether (MC)
I-2) i-hydroxyl ye-hythyl sethelise (i-HPMC)
I-3) i-hydroxythy setelise (hec)
I-4) I-Carboxymethyl Selerbase Ether (CMC)
I-5) I-HYDROXYTYL Methyl Secose Ether (Hemc)
Starch ether
1) Isitayile esiguquliweyo
2) I-Guar Ether
I-ficker yamanzi eminempu ye-fickener (iMontmorillonite, Bentotite, njl njl)
Ezintlanu, oku kulandelayo kugxilwe kwintsebenzo yezixhobo ezahlukeneyo
I-1. I-Teluplose Ether
1.1 Amagqabantshintshi eSeluplose Ether
I-Teluplose Ether ligama eliqhelekileyo lothotho lweemveliso ezenziwe yimpendulo ye-alkali seseli ye-alkali kunye ne-arhente yokufunda phantsi kweemeko ezithile. I-Seletulose eyahlukileyo ifunyenwe kuba i-Alkali Fiber ithathelwe indawo ziiarhente ezahlukeneyo ze-elekuthi. Ngokweempawu ze-ionition zezinto zayo zokuthabatha izinto, ii-seluplose iirintan zinokwahlulwa zangamacandelo amabini: Ionic, ezinje nge-carboxymethyl selulose (i-CMC), kunye ne-methyl sellylise (MC).
Ngokweentlobo zokuthathela izinto, ii-seluplose e-monoethers, ezinjengeeMthyl Seler (MC), kunye noMani, njenge-hydroxyythl carboydyl sethes Ngokwezinyibilikisi ezahlukeneyo ziyanyibilika, zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini: inyibilikiswe ngamanzi kunye ne-organic slinvent-inyibiliki.
1.2 Iimpawu eziphambili zeselfowuni
I-carboxeymethylcelcelcelse (cmc), inqanaba elisebenzayo lokufaka endaweni: 0.4-1.4; iarhente ye-ether, monooxkacetic acid; ukunyibilikisa isilivere, amanzi;
I-carboxeymethyl hydroxyyl seluplose (cmbec), inqanaba elisebenzayo lokufaka endaweni: 0.7-1.0; iarhente ye-ether, monooxyucetic acid, ethylene oxide; ukunyibilikisa isilivere, amanzi;
I-Methylcelculose (MC), inqanaba elifanelekileyo lokufaka endaweni: 1.5-2.4; iarhente ye-etheryl chloride; ukunyibilikisa isilivere, amanzi;
I-HYDROXYETHTHleTELL selutase (Hec), inqanaba elisebenzayo lokufaka endaweni: 1.3-3.0; iarhente ye-ether ,nene oxide; ukunyibilikisa isilivere, amanzi;
Hydroxylietheetheethyl methylcelcelsele (hemc), inqanaba elisebenzayo lokufaka endaweni: 1.5-2.0; iarhente yesiqhelo, i-englone oxide, methyl chloride; ukunyibilikisa isilivere, amanzi;
I-Hydroxypropyl seluplose (HPC), inqanaba elisebenzayo lokufakwa endaweni: 2.5-3.5; iarhente ye-ether, propley one oxide; ukunyibilikisa isilivere, amanzi;
Hydroxypropyl methylcelcelsulose (HPMC), inqanaba elisebenzayo lokufakwa endaweni: 1.5-2.0; iarhente ye-ether, proplene oxide, methyl chloride; ukunyibilikisa isilivere, amanzi;
I-Ethyl Selelose (EC), inqanaba elifanelekileyo lokufaka endaweni: 2.3-2.6; iarhente ye-ethersise, monolothoroethane; ukunyibilikisa i-Solvent, isolvel ye-organic;
I-Ethyl HydroxyEtheetheethyl seluplose (EHIC), inqanaba elisebenzayo lokufaka endaweni: 2.4-2.; iarhente yokwakhiwa, monochloroethane, ethylene oxide; ukunyibilikisa i-Solvent, isolvel ye-organic;
1.3 Iipropathi zeSeluplose
1.3.1 I-METHyl Selete Ether (MC)
I-①methylcelceltulose iyanyibilika emanzini abandayo, kwaye kuya kuba nzima ukunyibilikisa amanzi ashushu. Isisombululo se-ACTEAFOO EZIQHELEKILEYO ZIYAKUZINYANGO KUTSHINTSHO KUNYE NOBUCHULE B = 3-12. Ihambelana ngokuchanekileyo nesitatshi, i-Gum Gum, njl. Njl. Xa iqondo lobushushu lifikelela kubushushu bendawo, ukumela.
Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-methylcelculose kuxhomekeke kwisixa sayo sokudibanisa, ukubonwa, ukulunga komntu okhululekileyo kunye nenqanaba lokuchitha. Ngokubanzi, ukuba isixa esongeneyo sikhulu, ukulunga kuncinci, kwaye i-vikosity inkulu, ukugcinwa kwamanzi kuphezulu. Phakathi kwazo, isixa-mali songezelelo sinempembelelo enkulu ekugcinweni kwamanzi, kwaye olona phulo lusezantsi aluhambelani ngqo nenqanaba lokugcina amanzi. Inqanaba lokuchithwa ikakhulu lixhomekeke kwinqanaba lokutshintsha komphezulu wesuntswana kunye nobumdaka obuchaphazelekayo. Phakathi kwe-Selese, iMethyl Selelose ineqondo eliphezulu lokugcina amanzi.
Utshintsho lwamaqondo obushushu luya kuchaphazela kakubi inqanaba lokugcinwa kwamanzi kwi-methyl seluplose. Ngokubanzi, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, okuphezulu kokugcina amanzi. Ukuba ubushushu obuphanga bungaphezulu kwe-40 ° C, ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-methyl seluplose kuya kuba lihlwempuzeke kakhulu, okuya kuchaphazela kakubi ukwakhiwa kodaka.
I-Methyl SeleXose inefuthe elibonakalayo ekwakheni nasekutheni ngodaka. I "Dehlosion" apha zibhekisa kumandla okunetha ezibonakala ziphakathi kwesixhobo somsebenzi wesicelo kunye nodonga, oko kukuthi, ukumelana nodaka. Ukunamathela phezulu, ukumelana nokucheba kodaka kukhulu, kwaye abasebenzi badinga amandla ngakumbi ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, kwaye ukusebenza koludaka kuba lihlwempu. I-Methyl Seledion ikwinqanaba eliphakathi kwimveliso ye-etelulose etele.
1.3.2 hydroxyl i methyl sethel seclose (i-HPMC)
I-HydroxyPOpyl Methylcelcelcelose yimveliso ye-fiber ye-fiber yemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kuyanda ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
Yinto engu-ionic ye-ionic sether exutywe ye-ether eyenziwe kwi-cotton ehlaziyiweyo emva kokuqiniseka, usebenzisa i-propylene oxide kunye ne-methyl chloride njengabameli be-elektroniki, kwaye ngothotho lwe-ethe utho. Inqanaba lokufakwa endaweni yi-1.5-2.0. Iipropathi zayo zahlukile ngenxa yemilinganiselo eyahlukileyo yemixholo ye-APENGSYL kunye nomxholo we-hydroxypropy. Umxholo ophezulu weqhinga kunye nomxholo ophantsi we-hydroxypropy, ukusebenza kufutshane ne-methyl; Umxholo ophantsi we-Phydroxyl kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-hydroxypropy, intsebenzo ikufutshane ne-hydroxlyproplopl sellulose.
I-①hydroxypropyl methylcelcelgulose inyibilikiswe ngokulula emanzini abandayo, kwaye kuya kuba nzima ukunyibilikisa amanzi ashushu. Kodwa iqondo lokuhlaselwa layo lokuhlaselwa kwamanzi ashushu liphezulu kakhulu kune-methyl seluplose. Ukunyibilisela emanzini abandayo kuyaphuculwa kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa neMethyl Selelose.
② I-viscosity ye-hydroxypropyl methylcelcelcelsulose ihambelana nobunzima bayo, kwaye iphakamile ubunzima bemolekyuli, ukuphakama kwe-viscofity. Ubushushu buchaphazela i-viscofity yayo, njengoko amaqondo obushushu ayanda, i-viscosity ihla. Kodwa i-viscofity yayo ayichanekanga kubushushu kuneMethyl Selelise. Isisombululo sayo sizinzile xa sigcinwe kubushushu begumbi.
Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwi-Hydroxypropyl Methylcelcellualsulose kuxhomekeke kwixabiso lokudibanisa, i-viscosity, njl njl., Njl njl., Njl njl.
I-④hydroxylypropyl methylcelcelcelose iZinzile kwi-Acid kunye ne-Alkali, kunye nesisombululo se-ALKALU, kunye nesisombululo sayo esizinzileyo kuluhlu lwe-pH = 2-12. I-Caustic Soda kunye namanzi e-lime anempembelelo encinci ekusebenzeni kwayo, kodwa uAlkali unokukhawulezisa ukupheliswa kwayo kwaye unyuke kancinci. I-HydroxyPOpyl Methylcelcelcelose iZinzile kwi-SECTs eqhelekileyo, kodwa xa uxinzelelo lwesona sityibilili liphezulu, i-viscosity ye-hydroxypropyl methylcelses isisombululo sithanda ukunyuka kwesisombululo.
I-⑤hydroxypropyl methylcelceltulose inokuxutywa kunye ne-polymers ye-follomer ukwenza isisombululo esifanayo nesingabonakaliyo sine-viscofity ephezulu. Ezinjenge-polyvinyl utywala, i-starch ether, i-gum yemifuno, njl.
I-hydroxypropyl methylcelcelculose inomsindo ongcono kune-methylceltulose, kwaye isisombululo sayo sinokuchithwa yi-enzymment.
⑦thambethensi othembethensi ye-Hydroxypropyl Methylceluplose yomhlaba uphakame ngaphezu kwe-methylcelupluplose.
1.3.3 HYDROXYTYL I-ETER (Hec)
Yenziwe kwiCotton ehlaziyiweyo ephathwe ngeAlkali, kwaye yasabela kwi-Ethylene oxide njengearhente ye-ether phambi kwe-acetone. Inqanaba lokufakwa endaweni yi-1.5-2.0. Inombala oqinileyo kwaye kulula ukuyifumana ukufuma.
I-①hydroxyythl seluplose inyibilika emanzini abandayo, kodwa kunzima ukunyibilikisa amanzi ashushu. Isisombululo sayo sizinzile kubushushu obuphakamileyo ngaphandle kweGelling. Ingasetyenziselwa ixesha elide phantsi kobushushu obuphakathi kudaka, kodwa ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwawo kusezantsi kune-methyl sellyulose.
I-②hydroxyyl seluplose iZinzile kwi-Acid Jikelele Acid kunye neAlkali. I-Alkali inokukhawulezisa ukuchitheka kwayo kwaye yonyusa kancinci. Ukusasazeka kwawo ngamanzi kubi kakhulu kune-methyl seluplose kunye ne-hydroxypropyl methyl sethyulose.
I-③hydroxyyl seluplose inomsebenzi olungileyo Ukulwa nodaka, kodwa linexesha elide lokubuyisa lesamente.
Intsebenzo ye-hydroxyteethyl ye-hydroxythy yeselsulose eveliswe ngamashishini asekhaya ngokuqinisekileyo iphantsi kwe-methyl yeselcelose ngenxa yomxholo wayo wamanzi kunye nomxholo ophezulu.
1.3.4 I-carboxymethyl sethes (CMC) yenziwa ngeentsinga zendalo (i-COMC, i-hemp, esebenzisa unyango lwe-Alkali, kwaye isebenzisa uthotho lonyango lokwenza i-ionic setherfuse. Inqanaba lokufakwa endaweni yi-0.4-1.4, kwaye intsebenzo yayo ichaphazeleke kakhulu ngumgangatho wokufaka endaweni.
I-①carboxymethyl seluprose ye-hygroscopic, kwaye iya kuba nesixa esikhulu samanzi xa igcinwe phantsi kweemeko ngokubanzi.
Isisombululo se-②hydroxymethyl seluplose i-selupolo iseklikweni ayiyi kuvelisa ijeli, kwaye i-viscofity iya kuncipha ngokunyuka kobushushu. Xa iqondo lobushushu lingaphezulu kwe-50 ℃, i-viscosity ayinakuphikwa.
Uzinzo lwayo luchaphazeleka kakhulu yiPH. Ngokubanzi, inokusetyenziswa ngodaka olusekwe kwiGyppum, kodwa hayi kudaka lwesamente. Xa i-alkaline kakhulu, ilahleka.
④ Ukugcinwa kwayo kwamanzi kukugcina kude kakhulu kune-methyl seluplose. Inefuthe lokubuyisa kwi-gyppum-esekwe ngodaka kwaye inciphise amandla ayo. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso lebhokisi yebhokisi ye-carboxymethyl isezantsi kakhulu kune-methyl seluplose.
2. Isitayela esiguquliweyo
I-starches isetyenziswe kwizinto ezifayo ziguqulwa ziguqulwe kwi-polymers yendalo yabanye bePolysaccharides. Njengeetapile, i-Corn, iCassava, iimbotyi zeGuar, njl. Zilungisiwe kwiitanki ezahlukileyo eziguqulweyo. Is starch etherly isetyenziselwa udaka yi-HydroxyPropy I-Ether, I-Hydroxymethyl Starch Ether, njl.
Ngokubanzi, uStach Ethen uguqulwe kwiitapile, i-Corn, kunye neCassava bajonge kakhulu ukugcinwa kwamanzi kunee-seluplose. Ngenxa yenqanaba layo lokuguqulwa, ibonisa uzinzo ezahlukeneyo kwi-acid kunye ne-alkali. Ezinye iimveliso zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwizifakelo ezisekwe kwiGyppum, ngelixa ezinye zingenakusetyenziswa kwizifakethi esekwe kwisamente. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-starch ether emdaka kusetyenziswa ikakhulu njenge-thi chulener ukuphucula impahla yokulwa i-antin, ukunciphisa umlinganiso wodaka lwamanzi, kwaye wandisa ixesha lokuvula.
I-starched athurs zihlala zisetyenziswa kunye neselutase, ezikhokelela kwiipropathi eziguqulweyo kunye nezibonelelo zeemveliso ezimbini. Kuba iimveliso ze-starch ethe thereper zixabiso eliphantsi kuneSeluplose Ether, ukusetyenziswa kwe-starch ether emdaka kudaka kuya kuzisa ukunciphisa okubalulekileyo kwiindleko zokutyulwa kodaka.
I-3. Guar Gum i-ether
I-Guar Gum Ether luhlobo lohlobo lwe-othersied Polysaccharide enepropathi ekhethekileyo, eguqulweyo evela kwiimbotyi ze-gaar zendalo. Ngaphezulu kwendlela yokuphendula ye-Ether Guma yeGuar Gum kunye namaQela eSebenzayo, isakhiwo esinemisebenzi ye-2-hydroxypropy yenziwa, eyisakhiwo sePolygalactose.
I-SetheIl Ether Ither, Gum Gum Ether ilula ukunyibilikisa emanzini. I-PH ngokusisiseko ayinampembelelo kwintsebenzo yeGuar Gum.
Imiqathango ye-vismosity ye-viscofity ephantsi kunye ne-dosage ephantsi, i-Gum Gum inokubuyisa i-tartulose i-ether kwinani elilinganayo, kwaye ineendawo ezifanayo zamanzi. Kodwa ukungqinelana, i-anti-sag, thytropy kwaye ke ngoko kucacile.
Imiqathango yeemeko ze-viscofity ephezulu kunye ne-dosage enkulu, i-guaar gum ayinakuthatha indawo ye-ether, kwaye ukusetyenziswa okuxubeneyo kwale mibini kuya kuvelisa ukusebenza kakuhle.
Isicelo seGum Gum eGyppum-esekwe kwi-Gyppum-esekwe kakhulu inokunciphisa kakhulu ukunamathela ngexesha lokwakha kwaye enze ulwakhiwo ngokwakha. Ayinasiphumo esibi kwixesha kunye namandla okutya kwe-gyppum.
Xa i-giaar gum isetyenziswa kwi-cemesry esekwe kwimozulu kunye nokufakelwa kwesamente, inokuthatha indawo ye-tarsulose kwixabiso elilinganayo, kwaye litshabalalise i-thridas eguqukayo, i-Thizotdropy kunye ne-Thutotdropy kunye ne-Thutotdropy kunye ne-Toultipy kunye ne-Thutotdropy kunye neThemu.
⑥in of Gudyasity ephezulu kunye nomxholo ophezulu wearhente yokugcina amanzi, i-gum gum yeGuaar kunye ne-Seleulose Ether iya kusebenza kunye ukufezekisa iziphumo ezigqwesileyo.
I-Guaar Gum inokusetyenziswa kwimveliso efana ne-tileshevers, i-arhente yokuzilawula, i-Itity enganyangekiyo emanzini, kunye nokufakelwa kwe-polymer kwi-insurmer yodonga.
I-4. Ukuguqula amanzi amaneral
I-tickener yokugcina amanzi eyenziwe ngee-minerals zendalo ngokuguqulwa kunye nokudityaniswa kusetyenzisiwe eTshayina. Iiminerali eziphambili ezisetyenziselwa ukulungiselela izilonda zokugcina amanzi yile: I-Sepiolite, iBentolite, iMontmorillonite, i-kaolmorillonite, njl njl, njl njl. Olu hlobo lokugcina amanzi-ukugcina udaka lube nolulu phawu.
① Ingayiphucula kakhulu intsebenzo yodaka oluqhelekileyo, kwaye usombulule iingxaki zokusebenza kwesamente, amandla aphantsi odaka oxubeneyo, kunye nokuchasana kwamanzi ahluphekayo.
② Iimveliso zodaka ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo ezemizi-mveliso zemveliso yezommiselo nezemveliso.
Ixabiso lezinto ezibonakalayo liphantsi.
Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kusezantsi kune-orhente yokugcina amanzi i-organisi, kwaye ixabiso le-shrinkage elomileyo lodaka olulungiselelwe likhulu, kwaye ukuntywila kuncitshisiwe.
Ixesha lokuphumla: Mar-03-2023